The need to rethink the structure of religious experience is a concern deeply felt by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, though it is not unique to him. Throughout the twentieth century and the first quarter of the twenty-first, numerous thinkers have reflected on the crisis of religious discourse. Like the Jesuit, many of them do not see atheism as the most appropriate response. Some, including Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Carl Gustav Jung, Julian Huxley, and Stuart Kauffman, seek solutions outside Christianity. Others, particularly Henri Bergson and Alfred North Whitehead, propose a form of ‘process theism’ that, while questioning significant aspects of Christianity’s traditional doctrinal framework, does not exclude its viability. Finally, some thinkers remain within the Christian tradition but offer non-metaphysical interpretations that give rise to various forms of anatheism, post-theism, and panentheism.

Received 23 July 2024. Revised 24 November 2024. Accepted 28 December 2024. Published online 30 January 2025

Teilhard de Chardin, Stuart Kauffman, Ilia Delio, Anatheism, Post-theism, Panentheism,